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Product Description In 1996, electric cars began to appear on roads all over California. They were quiet and fast, produced no exhaust and ran without gasoline. Ten years later, these futuristic cars were almost entirely gone. What happened? Why should we be haunted by the ghost of the electric car? Amazon.com It begins with a solemn funeralÂ…for a car. By the end of Chris Paine's lively and informative documentary, the idea doesn't seem quite so strange. As narrator Martin Sheen notes, "They were quiet and fast, produced no exhaust and ran without gasoline." Paine proceeds to show how this unique vehicle came into being and why General Motors ended up reclaiming its once-prized creation less than a decade later. He begins 100 years ago with the original electric car. By the 1920s, the internal-combustion engine had rendered it obsolete. By the 1980s, however, car companies started exploring alternative energy sources, like solar power. This, in turn, led to the late, great battery-powered EV1. Throughout, Paine deftly translates hard science and complex politics, such as California's Zero-Emission Vehicle Mandate, into lay person's terms (director Alex Gibney, Oscar-nominated for Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room, served as consulting producer). And everyone gets the chance to have their say: engineers, politicians, protesters, and petroleum spokespeople--even celebrity drivers, like Peter Horton, Alexandra Paul, and a wild man beard-sporting Mel Gibson. But the most persuasive participant is former Saturn employee Chelsea Sexton. Promoting the benefits of the EV1 was more than a job to her, and she continues to lobby for more environmentally friendly options. Sexton provides the small ray of hope Paine's film so desperately needs. Who Killed the Electric Car? is, otherwise, a tremendously sobering experience. --Kathleen C. FennessyStills from Who Killed the Electric Car? (click for larger image) Writer/Director Chris Paine Blogs About Who Killed the Electric Car When Who Killed the Electric Car premiered at the Sundance Film Festival (on the same weekend as An Inconvenient Truth), we wondered whether movie goers were ready for a new kind of 'action film'. Fortunately people jumped onboard and this seems even more true today. We put this DVD together after the release of the film to include a dozen short scenes we couldn't quite fit into our story. My favorite is one with Stan and Iris Ovshinsky who developed the revolutionary battery technology that powered GM's electric car (and today's Prius). These two brilliant octogenarians took our small camera crew on a Willy Wonka style tour of their inventions including the world's largest thin film solar cell factory. As we stood under a football field size machine in Troy Michigan, I blustered "Is solar power back?" Stan exclaimed " What?! Solar never went away... What was back was backward thinking!" And as his machine cranked out miles of solar cells above us, we knew he was right. I'm especially glad that the optimistic last scene of Who Killed the Electric Car has proven that we weren't just wishful thinkers when we finished our edit. The clips feature the first glimpse of the ultra fast Tesla electric sports prototype as well the Zenn neighborhood electric vehicle. Both cars are starting to roll off production lines today. And while the State of California (and some car companies) are still gambling on hydrogen fuel cells, plug-in cars are proving to be more environmentally efficient and popular. Early adopters deserve a lot of the credit. Oil companies and the internal combustion engine monopoly may have "killed" thousands of electric cars (EVs) in the 1990s, but EVs are coming back. (Stay tuned for next film...) I hope you'll find our documentary takes you on a wild ride out of the 20th century and into the 21st. --Chris Paine, Writer/Director
In 1996, electric cars began to appear in California. They were quiet and fast, produced no exhaust and ran without gasoline. Ten years later these cars of the future were nearly gone. California regulators passed the Zero Emission Vehicle mandate 1990. This legislation required auto manufacturers to produce a fixed percentage of vehicles that emitted no exhaust. There was a gradual ramping up from 2 percent in 1998, 5 percent in 2001, and 10 percent in 2003. General Motors (GM) produced an electric car known as the EV1 that met this requirement. California was pressured to drop the mandate by the oil industry and executives at GM. California dropped the mandate on April 24, 2003. The oil companies and automakers have an incentive to maintain the status quo because of the potential loss in revenues and profits. Also, there had to be a concern for the dislocation (unemployment) of a large swatch of the labor force. GM is committed to the higher profit margins on SUVs, trucks, and Hummers and not on the narrow margins with the EV1. The average car on the road is less efficient than it was 20 years ago. With the powerful automobile lobby, it's impossible to get fuel economy standards passed through the U.S. Congress. OPEC lowered the price of oil in 1985 and has kept it low and demand strong, and this discourages the development of alternative fuel and energy conserving measures. With the Obama Administration, there has been renewed interest and legislation to make improvements. In 2000, the average fuel economy of new U.S. cars was 29 mpg. By 2014, it was 37 mpg. The CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) standards were implemented by government regulation (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and Environmental Protection Agency) for vehicles manufactured after 2011. By 2025, new cars are expected to improve fuel economy further by getting in excess of 56 mpg. Electric cars are making a resurgence. As of April 2016, there are 450,000 registered electric cars on the road. The best selling as of 2015 was the Nissan Leaf, and it can go 75 miles on a charge. The Chevy Volt, a hybrid, can drive about 53 miles on a full charge. It has a gas powered generator which can recharge the battery while driving and extend the driving range to 420 miles on a full tank. The efficiency of electric cars is 75%. If you include the source of energy to produce the electricity (35% energy efficiency of nuclear and coal; 60% for natural gas), then the total efficiency is in the range of 24% - 42%. A gasoline powered car has an efficiency of about 15%. So electric cars are much more energy efficient than gasoline cars.